View the indicators and measures for Domain 2: Physical and legal security: Inequality in the capability to live in physical safety and legal security.
Description
People need to be physically safe and enjoy legally security to live the life they have reason to value. This domain covers the key elements of physical security through indicators and measures that highlight absence of physical security (for example, the experience of violence) as well as subjective measures reporting individuals' sense of physical security and safety. People need to be protected and treated equally and fairly by the law in order avoid inequalities in legal security. This domain covers inequalities in treatment before the law and within criminal or administrative systems.
Measurement considerations
The identification of inequality indicators and the interpretation of measures of inequality in this domain is complicated by the fact that some of the measures relate to illegal, covert and concealed activities, for example, torture by the state and human trafficking. This increases the need to triangulate through the use of multiple sources (for example, in the context of torture, using NGO and human rights allegations data).
In terms of inequality in physical security and personal safety, most of the indicators provide measures on whether or not individuals have experienced a form of physical violence, maltreatment or intimidation (including bullying and identity-based violence). Inequality measures adopted typically quantify differences in the incidence of physical violence and maltreatment between population sub-groups covering the main areas of violent crime, sexual and domestic violence, hate crimes, cruelty, physical punishment and degrading treatment. If possible, and where appropriate, measures of inequality should include breakdowns for key population groups. If information on the number of incidents is available this can be used to compute an inequality measure to capture repeat victimisation, which is often an important feature of, for example, domestic and sexual violence.
Where information is available as an ordinal scale (for example, for perceptions of safety available from surveys where individuals indicate whether they feel: very safe/quite safe/not safe/very unsafe), an ordinal inequality measures can be computed.
In some countries it will be important to incorporate quasi-legal systems: village councils etc.; role of elders and religious ‘courts’ and laws.
Click on the button beside each sub-domain to see related indicators and measures. You may click on the Expand All button to view all indicators and their measures and references to any related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
| Sub-domains: | ||
| Be free from violence including sexual and gender-based violence, domestic violence and violence based on who you are | ||
Indicator:
Violent crime Measures:
Percentage of population subjected to physical, psychological or sexual violence in the previous 12 months (with separate reporting of physical assault, rape and assault by penetration [including attempts] and other sexual violence), and by gender and age Reference: UN SDG:
16.1.3
Proportion of population subjected to physical, psychological or sexual violence in the previous 12 months Percentage of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence, and by age Reference: UN SDG:
5.2.1
Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age Percentage of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence Reference: UN SDG:
5.2.2
Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence Percentage of children aged 0-17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month Reference: UN SDG:
16.2.1
Proportion of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month Percentage of children aged 0-15 years who experienced any sexual violence in the previous 12 months Reference: UN SDG:
16.2.3
Proportion of young women and men aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18 | ||
| Be free from identity based violence and hate crimes | ||
Indicator:
Hate crime Measures:
Percentage that are victims of hate crime by: (a) race; (b) religion; (c) gender identity; (d) overall Reference: UN SDG:
10.3.1
Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law | ||
| Be free from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment | ||
Indicator:
Bodily and psychological integrity, and physical security Measures:
Percentage of girls and women aged 15-49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by age Reference: UN SDG:
5.3.2
Proportion of girls and women aged 15-49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by age Percentage of population victim of physical, psychological or sexual harassment, by sex, age, disability status and place of occurrence, in the previous 12 months Reference: UN SDG:
11.7.2
Proportion of persons victim of physical or sexual harassment, by sex, age, disability status and place of occurrence, in the previous 12 months Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of exploitation (Guidance - can supplement through use of data collected by NGOs and human rights bodies) Reference: UN SDG:
16.2.3
Proportion of young women and men aged 18-29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18 Number of verified cases of kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 months (Guidance - can supplement through use of allegations data collected by NGOs and human rights bodies) Reference: UN SDG:
16.10.1
Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 months
Indicator:
Physical security for people resident or detained in public and private institutions Measures:
Rates of physical assaults in: police detention; prison; refugee camps; immigration detention centres; children in residential care; young offender institutions; mental health institutions Rates of elder abuse and other abuse of the non-private household population | ||
| Live without fear of humiliation, harassment, or abuse based on who you are; feel able to go out and to use public spaces safely and securely without fear | ||
Indicator:
Fear for personal safety Measures:
Percentage that feel very unsafe or unsafe being alone at home and/or in local area (during the day and after dark) Reference: UN SDG:
16.1.4
Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live Percentage that feel very worried/worried about physical attack, sexual assault, intimidation and acquisitive crime Percentage concerned about their personal safety using public transport (during the day and after dark) Percentage paying for security: (a) for personal protection; (b) security guards protecting private property; (c) living in gated communities | ||
| Know you will be treated with equality, fairness and non-discrimination before the law, within the criminal or administrative systems; including the absence of corruption | ||
Indicator:
Equal treatment by the police and the legal system Measures:
Percentage of population aged 16+ by age, sex and key populations, who the police have: (a) stopped on foot or vehicles; (b) stopped and searched; (c) conducted unannounced property/dwelling search Percentage who are confident that the criminal justice system (police, courts, prison and probation service): (a) meets the needs of victims; (b) respects the rights of those accused of an offence and treats them fairly Share of the population who believe that the public administration make fair and impartial decisions Reference: UN SDG:
16.6.2
Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public services
Indicator:
Offences reported and brought to justice: Rape, domestic violence and hate crime Measures:
Number of cases of rape estimated from population survey sources, compared with the number of cases reported to and recorded by the police, and the number of legal cases successfully prosecuted Number of cases of domestic violence estimated from population survey sources, compared with the number of cases reported to and recorded by the police, and the number of legal cases successfully prosecuted Number of cases of hate crime estimated from population survey sources, compared with the number of cases reported to and recorded by the police, and the number of legal cases successfully prosecuted by: (a) race; (b) religion; (c) gender identity; (d) overall
Indicator:
Fair and equal treatment within the legal system Measures:
Percentage of the population who believe that poor people are treated worse by the police Percentage of the population who believe that the police make fair and impartial decisions Perception of how fair the courts are to majority versus minority race/ethnic group Trust in the criminal justice system: (a) trust in courts' procedural fairness and trust in their competence; (b) trust in the police Perceptions of judicial and police corruptions: (a) how often the police take bribes; (b) how often judges take bribes Reference: UN SDG:
16.5.1
Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months 16.5.2
Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 months Sentencing disparities: evidence by gender, race/ethnic group, economic or social status | ||
| Have fair and humane conditions of detention | ||
Indicator:
Detention: Numbers, physical conditions and rights of detainees Measures:
Detention numbers and conditions in prisons (includes prison population numbers, life sentences, numbers facing a death penalty and prison conditions such as overcrowding, sanitation and visiting rights) Detention and conditions in other establishments: (a) Young offender institutions; (b) Secure hospitals; (c) Immigration centres; (d) Military prisons; (e) House arrest Percentage of the population held without charge Reference: UN SDG:
16.3.2
Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population | ||
| Have the human right to identity, name, gender and nationality | ||
Indicator:
Enjoy right to identity, name, gender and nationality Measures:
Percentage of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by age Reference: UN SDG:
16.9.1
Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by age | ||